增强大学生学习自我效能感的化学实验教学策略*——以“药物制剂工程实验”为例

以提高大学生化学实验积极性和实验学习效率为目标,在“药物制剂工程实验”课程中实施能增强大学生学习自我效能感的化学实验教学策略。以“乳剂的制备”实验为研究背景,设计并实施了三阶段的实验教学流程。同时,通过构建过程性评价量化指标、开展三方评价和问卷调查等形式,对该化学实验教学策略的实施效果进行了评价。通过对比实验组和对照组学生的过程性评价成绩和问卷调查结果,发现实验组平均得分大多高于对照组,说明采用了本实验教学策略的实验组学生的自我效能感高于对照组,因此,本实验中采取的提高大学生自我效能感的化学实验教学措施确实有效且具有实际意义。     

TiO2-supported Single-atom Catalysts: Synthesis,Structure, and Application

In recent years, single-atom catalysts(SACs) have attracted increasing attention in catalysis. However, their stability is considerably challenging. As a result, fine-tuning the interaction of metal single atoms(SA) with different types of supports has emerged as an effective strategy for improving their thermal and chemical stabilities. Owing to its non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, high abundance, and excellent stability, as well as presence of rich, tunable, and reliable anchor sites for metal SA, TiO₂ has been extensively explored as a superior support for SACs. In this review, recent advances of TiO₂-supported SACs(M₁/TiO₂) are discussed, and synthetic strategies, structure elucidation, and catalytic applications are summarized. First, the recently developed synthetic strategies for M₁/TiO₂arehighlighted and summarized, identifying the major challenges for the precise fabrication of M₁/TiO₂. Subsequently, key characterization techniques for the structure identification of M₁/TiO₂are discussed. Next, catalytic applications of M₁/TiO₂ are highlighted, viz. photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and thermocatalysis. In addition, the mechanism via geometric structures and electronic states of metal centers facilitate catalytic reactions is outlined. Finally, opportunities and challenges of M₁/TiO₂ in catalysis are discussed, which may inspire the future development of M₁/TiO₂ for multifunctional catalytic applications.     

基于核酸外切酶Ⅰ的适配体荧光传感器检测人尿液中的Hg2+

基于富含胸腺嘧啶(T)DNA适配体对Hg2+的特异性识别和核酸外切酶I(Exo Ⅰ)辅助的信号转换策略,建立了快速检测人尿液中Hg2+的荧光分析方法.固定在微孔板上的DNA适配体特异识别Hg2+后,折叠成稳定的发卡型双链结构,不能被单链特异性的Exo Ⅰ水解,核酸染料SYBR GreenⅠ(SG)插入发卡部位产生荧光信号,基于此可实现Hg2+的定量检测.优化后的最佳实验条件为:微孔板包被亲和素浓度为50 mg/L;检测DNA包被浓度为75 nmol/L;使用5×SG以及1.2 μL的Exo Ⅰ.在最佳实验条件下,体系荧光强度与Hg2+浓度的对数呈良好线性关系,线性范围为2～500 nmol/L,检出限为1.5 nmoL/L(3σ).利用本方法检测尿样中的Hg2+,加标回收率为91.2％ ～ 95.0％,相对标准偏差(n=5)为2.1％ ～4.6％.本方法选择性良好,操作简单,用HNO3-KMnO4溶液将尿液中其它形式的汞氧化为Hg2+后,成功实现了尿液中总汞含量的检测.     

Copper Phthalocyanine‐Functionalized Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Hybrid Heterostructure toward Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Degradation Applications

In this work, alcian blue 8GX (AB), a copper(II) phthalocyanine derivative, was employed to functionalize graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) for the preparation of a highly efficient photocatalyst. The approach relies on a facile AB‐assisted ethanol/water mixed‐solvent exfoliation of bulk g‐C₃N₄. The as‐prepared g‐C₃N₄/AB hybrid possesses significantly enhanced solution dispersibility and photoelectrochemical performance resulting from the synergistic effect between g‐C₃N₄ and AB, which involves the optimization of intimate interfacial contact, extension of light absorption range, and enhancement of charge‐transfer efficiency. This synergy contributes enormously to the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G (R6G) under light irradiation.     

A three-step Oseen-linearized finite element method for incompressible flows with damping

This paper introduces a three-step Oseen-linearized finite element method for the 2D/3D steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with nonlinear damping term. Within this method, we solve a nonlinear problem over a coarse grid followed by solving two Oseen-linearized problems over a fine grid, which possess the same stiffness matrices with only various right-hand sides. We theoretically analyze the stability of the present method, and derive optimal error estimates of the finite element solutions. We conduct a series of numerical experiments which support the theoretical analysis and test the effectiveness of the proposed method. We demonstrate numerically that there is a significant improvement in the accuracy of the approximate solutions over those for the standard two-level method.     

基于政府政策规制的众包物流定价策略研究

考虑政府对众包物流市场采取激励性政策和约束性政策,基于不同的市场结构,以众包物流平台利润最大化为目标,构建政府政策规制的平台最优定价模型,运用最优化方法求解平台最优定价,最后利用数值分析对相关结论进行验证。研究结果表明：在垄断型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随用户间交叉网络外部性的增加而增加;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价与政府限制力度负相关,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强而降低。在竞争型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随平台服务差异化系数的增加而降低;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强呈先增后降的趋势。     

高比能钠离子电池预钠化技术研究进展

钠离子电池有望取代锂离子电池实现大规模储能应用。然而,储钠负极材料具有较低的初始库伦效率,制约了高比能钠离子电池的开发。预钠化技术被认为是补偿负极活性钠损失、提升电池能量密度的最直接有效的方法,对于钠离子电池的商业化应用具有重要意义。本文全面总结近年来预钠化技术的最新研究进展,包括短接法预钠化、电化学预钠化、钠金属物理预钠化、化学预钠化和正极补钠添加剂等,并从反应原理、安全性、可操作性、处理效率和可放大性等角度分析讨论现有各技术方案的优势及面临的挑战;着重介绍化学预钠化和正极补钠添加剂,这两类最具应用前景的预钠化技术的最新成果,进而从实用化角度深入探讨仍待解决的科学问题和技术难点。本文可为预钠化技术的进一步优化和高比能钠离子电池的开发提供思路。     

Ultra-Fast Preparation of Large-Area Graphdiyne-Based Membranes via Alkynylated Surface-Modification for Nanofiltration

Graphdiynes (GDYs), two-dimensional graphene-like carbon systems, are considered as potential advanced membrane material due to their unique physicochemical features. Nevertheless, the scale-up of integrated GDY membranes is technologically challenging, and most studies remain at the theoretical stage. Herein, we report a simple and efficient alkynylated surface-mediated strategy to prepare hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) membranes on commercial alumina tubes. Surface alkynylation initiates an accelerated surface-confined coupling reaction in the presence of a copper catalyst and facilitates the nanoscale epitaxial lateral growth of HsGDY. A continuous and ultra-thin HsGDY membrane (∼100 nm) can be produced within 15 min. The resulting membranes exhibit outstanding molecular sieving together with excellent water permeances (ca. 1100 L m⁻² h⁻¹ MPa⁻¹), and show a long-term durability in cross-flow nanofiltration, owing to the superhydrophilic surface and hydrophobic pore walls.     

Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction via Structural Simplification Strategy

Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction is currently the focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy, and so far, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have achieved encouraging outcomes in cancer treatment. Despite this achievement, mAbs-based therapies are struggling with limitations including poor tissue and tumor penetration, long half-life time, poor oral bioavailability, and expensive production costs, which prompted a shift towards the development of the small-molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. Even though many small-molecule inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been reported, their development lags behind the corresponding mAb, partly due to the challenges of developing drug-like small molecules. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of novel inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction via structural simplification strategy by using BMS-1058 as a starting point. Among them, compound A9 stands out as the most promising candidate with excellent PD-L1 inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.93 nM, LE = 0.43) and high binding affinity to hPD-L1 (K_D = 3.64 nM, LE = 0.40). Furthermore, A9 can significantly promote the production of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner by rescuing PD-L1 mediated T-cell inhibition in Hep3B/OS-8/hPD-L1 and CD3-positive T cells co-culture assay. Taken together, these results suggest that A9 is a promising inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and is worthy for further study.